Background: Ethics is considered in detail in medicine, and it is needed to be respected carefully in psychology and psychotherapy. Ethics code provides a common set of principles and standards upon which psychologists build their professional and scientific work. This ethics code is intended to provide specific standards to cover most situations encountered by psychologists. This study aims to consider general principles and specific Ethical issues in psychotherapy and consulting. Conclusion: General principles that should be respected by all psychologist and therapist are as followed; beneficence and nonmaleficence, fidelity and responsibility, integrity, justice, respect for people’ s right and dignity. Specific Ethical issues in psychotherapy; informed consent in therapy, privacy and confidentiality, avoiding harm, unfair discrimination, sexual harassment.

Background and Aim: Ethical codes are used as a practical guide to show the Ethical behaviors of the owners of each profession in specific situations. Every organizational set has Ethical codes appropriate to its professional structure, which is called professional ethics. Higher education is also a professional system, and professors and students must be aware of and adhere to the principles of professional ethics in e-learning. Adherence to the ethics of virtual education ensures the health of the teaching-learning process in the university and increases the commitment of professors to respond to the needs of students. Materials and Methods: This study was a developmental research that was conducted with the aim of extracting and compiling Ethical codes in virtual education activities for professors and students by extracting the opinions of professors of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences as a research community in four stages. The first stage in the research committee in medical school education was prepared with the presence of 20 professors of the initial draft of Ethical codes, including 75 codes. In the second stage, the subject was categorized in 4 areas and 66 codes in the ethics committee of university education. Then, in the third stage, the proposed codes were sent to the faculties for the comments of all professors and officials in the field of education. Ethical Considerations: The purpose of the study was explained to the participants and individuals participated in the study voluntarily. Next, it was approved by the ethics committee of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences and received a code of ethics. Findings: After conducting four stages of study and obtaining comprehensive opinions from professors, and officials in the field of education in different faculties and reviewing them in the work of the Department of Ethics in Virtual Education, codes in four general areas and 58 codes including: 25 Ethical codes of professors in virtual education, 11 Ethical codes of electronic content production in virtual education, 10 Ethical codes of students in virtual education and 12 Ethical codes in electronic exam were compiled. Conclusion: The result of this study was to explain the Ethical codes in virtual education for professors and students of medical universities.

Background: Ethics is defined as the entirety of moral principles that form the basis of individuals’ behavior; it can also be defined as “moral theory” or “theoretical ethics”.Objectives: To determinate information and applications related to Ethical codes of pediatric nurses.Patients and Methods: Participants were nurses attending the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Nursing Course and the Pediatric Nursing Course conducted in Istanbul between September 2011 and December 2012. A total of nurses attending the courses at the specified dates and who agreed to participate in the study were included in the analysis. Data were collected through a questionnaire that we developed in accordance with current literature on nursing ethics.Results: 140 nurses participated in this study. Information and applications were related to Ethical codes of nurses including four categories; autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice. The principle of confidentiality/keeping secrets. Exactly 64.3% of nurses reported having heard of nursing Ethical codes. The best-known Ethical code was the principle of justice. Furthermore, while the rates were generally low, some nurses engaged in unEthical practices such as patient discrimination and prioritizing acquaintances.Conclusions: We conclude that most nurses working in pediatric clinics act in compliance with Ethical codes. We also found that the majority of nurses wanted to learn about Ethical codes. For this reason, we recommended that nurses working in clinics and future nurses in training be informed of the appropriate Ethical behavior and codes.

Background: Promoting ethics is one of the goals of education, but the free flow of communication and divulging unEthical behaviors in e-learning make the urgent need to clarify Ethical values. Therefore, the aim of this study was to prepare Ethical codes to develop and deliver e-contents. Methods: A draft of e-content Ethical codes was prepared based on the literature review. Then, it was further revised by e-learning, medical education, ethics, and e-content experts. Finally, the draft was finalized through a 2-round Delphi process among related experts all over the country. Results: The final document of e-content Ethical codes, including introduction, definitions, and 7 Ethical code statements, was devised. Conclusion: Considering the difference between e-content and other kinds of publications, this set of Ethical codes can be used straightforwardly to assess Ethical aspects of e-contents.

Nowadays, when excessive attention to the material issues and the homogeneity of societies does not meet the rebellious and human spirit, and amid successive runs, it seems that man is looking for a destination other than bread and shelter, a higher excuse to survive. The need to discover the truth and meaning of existence compels man to glorify his immaterial and spiritual dimension by seeking the path of cognition. Understanding spirituality and its history is a significant concept worth exploring from a social and personal perspective. This research was done using the qualitative grounded theory method to present the idea of spirituality in tourism, relying on Eastern philosophy and international codes of ethics, and performing different techniques such as studying various texts and using the expert’s opinion. The results of this research can be interpreted in such a way that the individual  dimension includes: internal and mystical connection, human interaction in the universe and superior power, guiding principles in understanding truth and meaning of life, and social dimension including each person's cognitive system and its impact on man's attitude and perceptions of his life and behaviors, determining the tolerable capacity of the environment and environmental assessment, protection of cultural identity and indigenous subcultures. Recognition and perception of spirituality in tourism express spirituality, which is done by emphasizing self-creation and action related to the Creator of the world.

Nursing is a universal health care necessity. Nursing profession, similar to the other medical professions, is responsible to maintain public health promotion, prevent diseases, and also care and rehabilitate client, family and the society. The inherent nature of nursing is respect for moral values and human rights. However, clinical Ethical dilemmas occur for nurses at all levels, not always concerning patients. Although this is the primary area of concern, it is relevant to all areas of nursing practice and every aspect of their professional roles including research activity, education and management. The Ethical codes of nursing, which set out the Ethical behaviors expected of registered nurses, are considered indisputable with regard to nursing practice. There are some national codes in the world but the international code of ethics for nurses was first adopted by the International Council of Nurses. The current paper gives an overview of nursing ethics history, which will be followed by the study on the promotion and dissemination of the nursing Ethical codes and guidelines. The concepts, topics and strategies of some codes will be stated in this paper. The present study also aims to emphasize nursing ethics in Iran. Despite the compiling of general and specific guidelines of biomedical research in Iran during recent decade, there have been limited activities on the issue of nursing codes of ethics. Iranian nurses should be educated and fully prepared to engage with Ethical issues in the field of nursing. Given the importance of sociocultural issues, it is necessary to compile nursing codes of ethics according to Islamic culture of Iran.